During regular service life, many U.S. military systems are exposed to extreme environments, including high or low temperatures, corrosive environments, radiation, and high strain rates. These environments can affect a material’s composition and microstructure, causing changes in material strength or toughness. For example, long-term operation of turbine blades in a marine environment results in corrosion of the blades, while extreme temperatures generated by atmospheric drag limit a hypersonic system’s performance. Designing, modeling, and managing materials for extreme environments play a direct role in determining lifetime, reliability, maintenance, and performance specifications for Department of Defense (DoD) systems.